![]() Even though they are very real neurological symptoms, they are not real neurological diseases, thus FND patients are often being misdiagnosed, leading to improper treatment. Symptoms can present acutely and resolve quickly or can be long lasting. Fatigue and persistent pain are also commonly experienced as part of the disorder. ![]() Symptoms are diverse and can include weakness, movement disorders (tremor, jerks, and dystonia), sensory symptoms, cognitive deficits, and seizure-like events (commonly known as dissociative seizures or non-epileptic seizures). FND covers a variety of neurological symptoms, which are similar to almost any neurological illness. Then, we discuss the significance of these changes for FND, which may contribute to clarifying the pathogenesis of FND, and thus provide potential therapeutic drug targets or psychological intervention methods in the future.įunctional neurologic disorders (FNDs) are common sources of disability and the second most common referral to neurological outpatients ( Ludwig et al., 2018). Here, we review recent advances about emotional stress on FND, and pay special attention to the effects of monoamine neuromodulators, such as how norepinephrine and serotonin affect behaviors. In addition, a large amount of evidence has confirmed the role of psychosocial adversity (such as stressful life events, interpersonal difficulties) as an important risk factor for FND. Recently, both experimental and theoretical emotion studies have been greatly increased, such as prediction error, conceptual act model, basic emotional theory, and monoamine neuromodulator based three primary emotions. In spite of our general knowledge about emotional processes and developmental defects in the formation of these somatic symptoms, there is still no systemic and comprehensive research on the effects of emotional developmental variables in FND. 7Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, United Statesįunctional neurologic disorders (FNDs), also called conversion disorder (previously called hysteria), can show almost all the symptoms of other neurological diseases, including both physical (for example, seizure, weakness, fatigue) and psychological (for instance, depression, anxiety) symptoms.6Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States. ![]() 5Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.4School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.3Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.2School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.1Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.Fei Liang 1†, Qiuyue Xu 2†, Mingchen Jiang 2,3†, Rou Feng 1, Shan Jiang 1, Bin Yuan 3, Shijun Xu 4*, Ting Wu 5*, Fushun Wang 1* and Jason H. ![]()
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